Solving Fredholm integral equation based on Padé approximants using Particle swarm optimization

Several scientific and engineering applications are usually described as integral equations. A new approach for solving the type of linear nonlinear Fredholm equation second kind is proposed. Although many methods provide an analytic solution, there different types equations difficult to solve. Therefore, numerical used. have been converted unconstrained optimization problems find their approximate solutions. This work employs particle swarm combined with padé expansion solution equation. applied by minimizing fitness function value. The calculated using discrete least squares weighted function. proposed algorithm solve non-linear FIE. results compared exact stability also presented. promising in terms convergence , accuracy solution.